含2.5%基质材料尿素的氮缓释特性及其与作物生长吻合性
Slow-release property of urea containing 2.5% additives and the fitness of nutrient supply with crop growth

岳艳军 ¹ 吴跃进 ^2,3 杨阳 ^2,3 ^* 刘斌美 ^2,3 倪晓宇 ^2,3 陶亮之 ^2,3 余立祥 ^2,3 杨叶 ^2,3 冯梦喜 ¹ 钟雯瑾 ¹

文摘	【目的】在尿素中添加由改性蒙脱石和有机聚合粘结剂等组成的基质材料(>5%)生产的尿素具有缓释效果。本试验研究了将基质材料降低到国家标准允许的最高限量(2.5%)时肥料的缓释效果,为新型肥料的生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2016和2017年在合肥进行水稻和玉米田间试验。设置无氮对照、常规尿素和缓释尿素(含N 45.2%和基质材料2.5%) 3个处理。调查了水稻抽穗期和玉米吐丝期株高、叶面积、根系表面积,分析了叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,产量及其构成因素,并分析了水稻抽穗期和玉米吐丝期土壤矿质氮含量,评估了肥料氮素淋溶与氨挥发风险。利用室内淋溶实验模拟了缓释肥料氮素的淋出量变化。【结果】基于两年试验结果的平均值进行分析:与常规尿素相比,缓释尿素处理水稻植株增高了4.5%,玉米增高了12.4%;水稻叶面积提高了9.8%,玉米提高了11.5%;水稻根系表面积提高了9.5%,玉米提高了5.0%;叶片叶绿素含量水稻提高了18.5%,玉米提高了7.8%;叶片硝酸还原酶活性水稻提高了19.6%,玉米提高了20.3%;叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性水稻提高了17.7%,玉米提高了11.5%。与普通尿素相比,缓释尿素处理水稻增产17.2% (P <0.05),玉米增产6.6% (P >0.05)。缓释尿素处理可提高水稻单位面积有效穗数,但降低穗粒数;缓释尿素处理有提高玉米穗粒数和千粒重的趋势。通径分析表明,缓释尿素处理提高水稻产量的原因主要是提高了亩穗数,提高玉米产量的主要原因是提高了穗粒数。肥料氮素损失过程可以用逻辑斯谛方程拟合(P <0.01),缓释尿素比常规尿素具有较低的氮素淋溶和氨挥发风险。在水稻抽穗期,缓释尿素处理的土壤矿质氮含量比常规尿素处理提高9.2% (P <0.05);在玉米吐丝期,缓释尿素处理的土壤矿质氮含量比常规尿素处理提高18.1% (P <0.05)。缓释尿素处理较低的氮素损失风险和较高的土壤矿质氮含量是其改善作物生长的重要原因。【结论】2.5%基质改性缓释尿素具有减少氮素损失、提高土壤矿质氮含量、改善植株形态生长和生理活性、提高水稻与玉米产量的作用,在水稻和玉米栽培中具有一定应用前景。
其他语种文摘	【Objectives】The addition of additives,composed of modified montmorillonite and organic polymer adhesives,in urea has been proved of slow-releasing property in addition ratio of >5%.However,according to a recently released National Standard of China,functional materials in urea products should be ≤ 2.5%.To date,there is little consensus about the performances of slow-release urea (SRU) with matrix materials at such low proportions.We developed a novel SRU with matrix materials at 2.5%,and studied its slow release property and effects on crop growth and yield attributes.【Methods】A two-year field experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017,following a randomized block design with three replicates.The experiment included three treatments,i.e.,the control test (CK,without N application),common urea (CU),and SRU.Nitrogen application rate was N 150 kg/hm~2 for rice and 195 kg/hm~2 for maize.Shoot height,leaf area,root area,leaf chlorophyll concentration,leaf nitrate reductase activity,leaf glutamine synthetase activity,biomass,grain yield,yield components,fertilizer N leaching,fertilizer ammonia emission,and soil inorganic N concentration were assessed and compared among the treatments.Nitrogen loss via N leaching and ammonia emission was assessed in laboratory experiments.【Results】The means of the two-year data were compared.Compared with common urea,SRU treatment tended to increase plant height (by 4.5% for rice and 12.4% for maize),leaf area (by 9.8% for rice and 11.5% for maize),root area (by 9.5% for rice and 5.0% for maize),leaf chlorophyll concentration (by 18.5% for rice and 7.8% for maize),leaf nitrate reductase activity (by 19.6% for rice and 20.3% for maize),and leaf glutamine synthetase activity (by 17.7% for rice and 11.5% for maize).Compared with CU treatment,SRU treatment significantly increased biomass of rice and maize in both growing seasons (P <0.05).The yield increase of rice under SRU treatment was greater than that of maize.Rice grain yield in SRU treatment was 17.2% (P <0.05) greater than that in CU treatment;while maize grain yield in SRU treatment was 6.6% (P >0.05) greater than that in CU treatment.Compared with CU treatment,SRU treatment tended to increase panicle density and decrease grain number per panicle (for rice);while it tended to increase grain number per spike and thousand grain weight (for maize).Path analysis showed that the increases of rice grain yield in SRU treatment were mainly due to the increases of panicle density;while the increases of maize grain yield in SRU treatment were largely due to the increases of grain number per spike.Characteristics of fertilizer N loss (via N leaching and ammonia emission) were well described by logistic equations (P <0.01).Parameters from the fitted equations showed that SRU had lower fertilizer N loss risks than CU.At anthesis stage,SRU treatment increased soil inorganic N concentration (in paddy fields) by 9.2% (P <0.05);while it increased soil inorganic N concentration (in maize fields) by 18.1% (P <0.05).The SRU treatment had lower risks of N leaching and ammonia emission,which were partly responsible for the greater soil inorganic N concentration and the improved crop performances in SRU treatment.【Conclusions】The current slow release urea has good performance in reducing N loss,increasing soil inorganic N concentration,and improving rice and maize growth.Thus,it is a promising slow-release fertilizer for production of rice and maize.
来源	植物营养与肥料学报 ,2019,25(11):2009-2018 【核心库】
DOI	10.11674/zwyf.19050
关键词	基质肥料 ; 缓释尿素 ; 氮素损失 ; 氨挥发 ; 矿质氮
地址	1. 河南心连心化学工业集团股份有限公司, 河南, 新乡, 453731 2. 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院技术生物与农业工程研究所, 安徽, 合肥, 230031 3. 安徽省环境友好高效化肥农药工程实验室, 安徽省环境友好高效化肥农药工程实验室, 安徽, 合肥, 230031
语种	中文
文献类型	研究性论文
ISSN	1008-505X
学科	农作物
基金	国家重点研发计划 ; 国家自然科学基金项目 ; 中国科学院科技服务网络计划区域重点项目 ; 安徽省科技重大专项
文献收藏号	CSCD:6631260