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权力的三种心理机制及其影响
Three Psychological Mechanisms of Power and Their Influences

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文摘 权力指控制有价值资源及他人行为结果的相对能力。心理学研究发现,权力不仅是等级制度的核心概念,一种结构变量、社会关系的基础属性,还是一种心理属性,即知觉到自己有能力影响他人的一种心理状态。这一发现促使研究者愈发关注权力效应背后的心理机制。本文在分别综述了权力效应三种心理机制(趋近系统激活、心理距离增加、诱发控制错觉)的基础上,详细分析总结了各心理机制及其影响与拥有权力的人(以下简称掌权者)的认知、动机乃至判断、决策、行为间的关系,并尝试阐述了各心理机制及其影响与促进集体利益繁荣这一权力产生初衷之间的关系。最后,根据研究现状,就权力各心理机制间的关系、心理机制如何运作、文化与心理机制间的关系等问题进行了讨论。
其他语种文摘 Power refers to the ability to control valued resources and outcome of others,which is evolved for helping groups attain important goals, improving social cooperation, and promoting collective interests. However, instead of wielding power for the greater good, powerholders may also be tempted to use power in self-serving ways. Research to explore what causes the powerholders to act in ways that go for/against the fundamental goals of social power has attracted much attention in field of psychology. Recently,it was identified that power was not only a structural variable,a property of social relationship but also a psychological property of the individual. Once the cue relevant to power appeared, the psychological state of experiencing power would be activated. On the basis of these findings,results of studies further demonstrated that there were three psychological processes underlying the effects of experiencing power. They are, (1) the approach system, which is a motive.system to regulate behavior related to sex, food, safety, achievement and social attachment; (2) the psychological distance, which refers to a subjective experience that something was close or far away from the self here and now; and (3) the illusory control,which is defined as the belief that one has the capability to influence outcomes beyond their control. In the present paper,first we reviewed how the three psychological mechanisms of power (approach system,psychological distance and illusory control) affected the powerholders' cognition, emotion and motivation as well as their judgment, decision making and behaviors separately. Then,we briefly analyzed how each psychological process and its influence went for/against the fundamental goals of social power. The activated approach system guided powerholders to change their focus of attention flexibly and act in a risk-seeking fashion. Further, the activated approach system led powerholders to be more sensitive to information relevant to rewards and helped them to pursue goals associated with the rewards. However, the reward approaching was found to be more likely to tempt the powerholders to use power for personal interests at the expense of others. Experiencing power enlarged psychological distance from others. As a result, construals of powerholders became more abstract. The abstract thinking improved complex decision making and creativeness of powerholders by integrating information to extract the gist, detecting patterns and relationships in complex situations and generation of new ideas. Psychological distance also increased stereotyping and prejudice,consequently,biased the social judgments of powerholders,played a negative role on cooperation and collective interests. Experiencing power initiated illusory control of individuals. Illusory control was found a mediator of the relationship between the experience of power and self-esteem, optimism as well as action in goal pursuit. Illusory control was also found to encourage powerholders to overestimate the importance of themselves,but nevertheless the overestimation is associated with errors in decision making by reducing advice taking. Finally,we analyzed the relationship between the three psychological processes of power and proposed that illusory control possibly was the central mechanism for power experiencing ; it may be a mediator of power experiencing and reward approach as well as a mediator of power experiencing and psychological distance. We also suggest that future research should pay attention to the potential factors (e. g.,motivation) which may activate or suppress the psychological mechanisms of power. We hope this work could make contributions to the limitation of power from the psychological perspective.
来源 心理科学 ,2014,37(4):1008-1015 【核心库】
关键词 权力 ; 趋近系统 ; 心理距离 ; 控制错觉
地址

中国科学院心理研究所, 中国科学院行为科学重点实验室, 北京, 100101

语种 中文
文献类型 研究性论文
ISSN 1671-6981
基金 国家自然科学基金面上项目
文献收藏号 CSCD:5220516

参考文献 共 67 共4页

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引证文献 7 篇

1 刘耀中 权力对建议采纳的影响:反馈效价的调节作用 中国临床心理学杂志,2016,24(3):400-404,399
被引 1 次

2 陈欢 权力感知对怀旧偏好的影响机制 心理学报,2016,48(12):1589-1599
被引 0 次

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