论湖泊重要性及我国湖泊面临的主要生态环境问题
Importance and main ecological and environmental problems of lakes in China
查看参考文献120篇
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文摘
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湖泊(含水库,下同)是大地明珠,是陆地表层系统最基本的地理单元,也是地表水资源的重要载体,与人类生产与生活息息相关.据研究,全球天然湖泊面积为4.20×10~6 km~2,占陆地面积3.0%,其中0.01 km~2以上的湖泊有2.66×10~7个,面积为3.51×10~6 km~2;同时0.01 km~2以上的蓄水水库有5.15×10~5个,面积为2.59×10~5 km~2.尽管湖泊面积及其在陆地中占比都非常有限,但湖泊对区域乃至全球环境变化、生态服务功能维持、生源要素循环、水资源安全保障、防洪抗旱和流域经济社会发展等方面发挥着不可替代的作用,在揭示地球表层系统各要素相互作用过程、机制及效应中也具有重要作用.与其他地球表层系统类型相比,湖泊生态系统有着独特的水文和生物地球化学循环过程.因此,其提供的生态系统服务也从一定程度上区别于其他生态系统类型,主要体现在涉水的生态系统服务,包括安全供水、调蓄洪峰、引水灌溉、旅游航运、调节气候和生物多样性保护等,在保障全球水生态安全格局中占有重要地位.与此同时,湖泊是国家重要战略资源,是"山水林田湖草沙"生命共同体的重要组成部分.习近平总书记对湖泊生态环境问题非常关注,先后到洱海、洞庭湖、查干湖、滇池、巢湖、丹江口水库和青海湖等实地考察调研,强调"山水林田湖草沙"一体化保护和系统修复,推动流域综合治理、系统治理和源头治理. |
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其他语种文摘
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Lakes including reservoirs are sensitive to global environmental change and human activities in the basin. They are sensitive sentinels and regulators of global environmental change and regional climate. Meanwhile, lakes are important constituent of "landscape, forest, farmland, lake, grassland and sand" life community. Remote sensing monitoring showed that there were 2670 lakes(≥1 km~2)with a total water area of 80662.4 km~2, and 5156 reservoirs(≥1 km~2)with a total water area of 39697.1 km~2 in China in 2020. China Water Statistical Yearbook 2021 showed that the number and storage capacity of completed reservoirs increased from 86822 to 98566, and from 416.9 to 930.6 km~3 from 1980 to 2020. Therefore, there is a total lakes and reservoirs area of 120359.5 km~2, but only accounting for 1.25% of China's land area. Although the area of lakes and their proportion of land area are very limited, lakes play a vital role in ensuring the ecological civilization construction and promoting the economic and social development of the basin. Unfortunately, the importance and ecological service values of lakes are seriously underestimated and lack the real quantification. Therefore, this study systematically explores and quantifies the importance and ecological services of lakes in China from seven different perspectives. First, lakes are the most and the best centralized drinking water sources(CDWSs)contributing 40.6% of the CDWSs vs. river(30.8%)and groundwater(28.6%), and act as the backbone of the safety of drinking water in China based on 1093 CDWSs from 340 prefecture-level cities and 55 county-level cities(population ≥1 million). Second, lakes have important regulation and storage functions and play a key role in flood control and drought resistance. Based on the national lake survey data, the total amount of water regulation of natural lakes(≥1 km~2)is close to 150 km~3. Meanwhile, the joint operation of the Yangtze River Basin in 2021 indicated a total regulation capacity of 106.6 km~3 and a total flood control capacity of about 69.5 km~3 of 47 control reservoirs. Third, lake basins play an important role in the national economic development and food security. Of China's nine major commercial grain production areas, seven are located in Jianghuai lakes zone and northeast plain lake zone. Fourth, lakes are one of the richest biodiversity ecosystems on earth. Among the 62 international important wetlands in China, there are 26 lake wetlands including Lake Poyang, Lake Dongting, Lake Qinghai etc accounting for 41.9%. Fifth, lake fishery plays an important role in China's fishery production evidenced by China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2021, which showed that the aquaculture area of lakes was 2186662 hectares, accounting for 42.7% of the national freshwater aquaculture area and 30.8% of the national aquaculture area in 2019. Sixth, lakes have important tourism value and contribute to beautiful business cards of many cities. |
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来源
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科学通报
,2022,67(30):3503-3519 【核心库】
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DOI
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10.1360/TB-2022-0178
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关键词
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湖泊调节和储存
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富营养化
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藻华
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饮用水安全
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战略和对策
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地址
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中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所, 湖泊与环境国家重点实验室, 南京, 210008
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语种
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中文 |
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文献类型
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研究性论文 |
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ISSN
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0023-074X |
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学科
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环境污染及其防治 |
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基金
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国家自然科学基金
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文献收藏号
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CSCD:7354783
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