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文摘
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敲骨取髓是旧石器时代古人类获取脂肪的必要途径和手段。对于这一行为的辨识不能仅根据某一孤立的特征判定,而要综合长骨的断裂面形态、骨骼表面与断裂面之间的夹角、断裂面质地、管状骨横剖面的周长以及敲砸痕与敲砸疤在长骨表面的分布等一系列特征组合来确定。本文结合西方动物考古及埋藏学的实证研究(包括实验和民族学观察)方法与数据,对比分析了马鞍山遗址动物骨骼组合中长骨碎片的破裂性质及敲砸疤的分布状况,确认该区域古人类敲骨取髓行为的存在,并初步探讨了他们对长骨骨髓的利用方式与程度。 |
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其他语种文摘
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Marrow extraction has been an important component of butchery practice in Paleolithic China. The diagnostic of this kind of human behavior could not be based on isolated evidence,but on multiple clues,such as the outline, texture and angle of long bone fracture ; the circumference of mid-shaft fragment as well as the morphology, frequency and placement of percussive damages(percussion marks and notches). In this paper,compared to the actualistic(experimental and ethnoarchaeological) studies on marrow harvesting, the Ma'anshan long bone assemblage is analyzed to demonstrate the characteristics of the bone fragments derived from marrow extraction by prehistoric humans. Ma'anshan site (28°07'18"N, 106°49'37"E) is located 2km southeast of Tongzi County, northwest Guizhou Province. It is a cave site that lies at an altitude of 960m above sea level and 40m higher above the nearby Tianmen River. This cave was systematically excavated in 1986 and 1990 and the cultural deposit is divided into two layers. The upper layer dates between 15kaB. P. and 31kaB. P. and the lower layer is around 53kaB. P. Along with some stone and bone artifacts,more than ten thousand of bone fragments from fifteen genera of large mammals were recovered from the cave deposits. The outline,texture and angle of the fracture plane of the bone fragments from the cave is generally similar to those of bones experimentally fragmented when they are fresh or green. However, since some other taphonomic agents,for example carnivores, could also break bones in this manner, it's still inconclusive to suggest a marrow- extracting behavior for humans in this cave based solely on this thread of evidence. A predominant percentage(85%) of the long bones from this faunal assemblage with circumference less than or equal to one fourth of their original states,which is in good accordance with that of the animal bones fragmented by experimenters in actualistic studies. Percussion marks and notches are newly proposed for the identification of human marrow-extraction behaviors from archaeological records. No percussion marks were observed on bone surfaces from the Ma'anshan site, probably due to the somewhat large thickness of the periosteum or the smoothness of the stone tools employed by humans to break bones; the moderately damaged surfaces from root-etching may also contribute to this fact. Percussion notches, on the contrary, are well recorded from this faunal assemblage. In contrast to the much higher percentages of near-epiphyses notched by Paleolithic humans at this site, only 8. 33%~ 16. 67% long bone shafts of large-sized animals bear this category of modifications. This may therefore indicate that humans at the Ma'anshan site, behaved similar to modern hunter-gatherers in Africa in this regard,preferentially impacted at the epiphyseal ends of the long bone to exploit the nutrition-rich marrow within the cavities. |
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来源
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第四纪研究
,2014,34(1):141-148 【核心库】
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关键词
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旧石器时代
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敲骨取髓
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马鞍山遗址
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敲砸痕
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敲砸疤
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地址
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中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所, 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 北京, 100044
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语种
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中文 |
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文献类型
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研究性论文 |
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ISSN
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1001-7410 |
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学科
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古生物学;人类学 |
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基金
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中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目
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中国科学院战略性先导科技专项
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国家自然科学基金项目
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特殊学科点优秀青年人才专项项目共同资助
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文献收藏号
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CSCD:5038510
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