角百灵和小云雀的孵化行为
Incubating behaviour of the horned lark (Eremophila alpestris) and small skylark (Alauda gulgula)

赵亮张晓爱李来兴

文摘	鸟类的个体发育是在双亲、雏鸟及巢组成的一种特殊环境中完成的，稳定的热环境是它们完成孵化和雏鸟生长发育的必要条件（White et al.，1974；Purdue，1976；Ellis，1982；Haftorn，1983；Morton et al.，1985；Schnace et al.，1991；Vatnick et al.，1998；张晓爱等，1995）。因此亲鸟的伴巢行为及时间是指亲鸟在繁殖期间，为筑巢、防御、抱卵、孵雏及递食而出现在巢中或附近的所有行为（Oppenhaim，1972）。亲鸟拌巢的时间分配与巢环境有密切关系，已有大量的报道（如Purdue，1976；Ellis, 1982；Schnace et al., 1991；张晓爱等，1995）。张晓爱等（1995）比较了高寒草甸地区的地面、灌丛及洞穴3种不同营巢类型亲鸟的伴巢时间分配模式，但是对亲缘关系较近，营巢生境相同鸟类之间的伴巢时间分配模式，以及坐巢行为与巢环境之间关系没有报道，国外对这方面的报道也甚少。本项研究选择高寒草甸的两种百灵科鸟：角百灵（Eremophila alpestris）和小云雀（Alauda gulgula）作为研究对象来比较亲鸟在卵化期坐巢行为与巢址微环境的关系，对研究鸟类繁殖行为与环境关系及从生活史进化角度研究相似种的共存机制提供理论依据。
其他语种文摘	The incubating behavior of the horned lark and small skylark was studied in alpine meadows. The key re-sults are: ① There was no significant difference in the temperature outside the nests of horned larks and small skylarks (F_(1,87 = 3.286, P > 0.05). ② If parents were off the nest, the temperature in the nest was not sig-nificantly different between the two species (F_(1,87 = 3.009, P > 0.05), however, if parent birds were on the nest, the temperature in horned lark nests was significantly higher than that in small lark nests (F_(1,210) = 7.555, P < 0.01). ③ Temperature trends inside and outside the nests of the two species were similar, both following a low-high-low, pattern and showed a significantly positive correlation (horned lark: r = 0.572, n =158, P < 0.01); small skylark: r = 0.511, n = 141 , P < 0.01). ④ During the hatching period, the tempera-ture in nests was significantly higher than the outside temperature in horned larks (t = 7.051, df = 157, P < 0.01), however, there was no significant difference between the inside and outside in the small skylark (t = -1.558, df = 149, P > 0.05). ⑤ The attendance time of horned larks and small skylarks showed three peaks; before 09: 00 h, between 12:00 and 15:00 and after 19:00 h, respectively. ⑥ The attendance time and in-cubation behavior of the two species changed with variation in the environmental temperature. ⑦ There was no significant difference in the average attendance time per day between horned larks and small skylarks (P > 0.05). ⑧ The attendance frequency of horned larks was high (4.17 times/h), and visit duration short (524.32 s/period), wherase small larks showed the opposite pattern; low attendance frequency (1.79 times/h) with relatively long (1 510.00 s/ periods) visits. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that attendance time is a balance between the energy require-ments of the parent birds and the temperature requirements of the developing embryos. It follows that a bird's choice of nest site should involve a trade-off between costs and benefits, c. g. microclimate versus proximity to food resources.
来源	动物学报 ,2002,48(5):695-699 【核心库】
关键词	角百灵 ; 小云雀 ; 孵化行为 ; 伴巢时间 ; 环境温度
地址	中国科学院西北高原生物研究所, 西宁, 810001
语种	中文
文献类型	研究性论文
ISSN	0001-7302
学科	动物学
基金	国家自然科学基金
文献收藏号	CSCD:1221709